Ethnicity, Race and Culture Austria Free Essays

Article Topic I: Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria is anything but a major nation; it’s positioned on 115th spot in absolute territory and 92nd in all out populace. In any case, in the relatively recent past the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was one of the â€Å"big players† before the finish of the nineteenth century in Europe. That Empire has been a blend of a wide range of and emphatically fluctuating societies and ethnicities, which stays as one reason why it most likely self-destructed and got separated into various countries. We will compose a custom article test on Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now So what is it now, that makes an Austrian an Austrian and for what reason is he such a great amount of unique in relation to someone from Hungary, Czech Republic or Germany; this is the fundamental subject of this exposition. The initial segment of the article will give a short diagram of what ethnicity, race and culture as a rule represents. Therefor I will give a short presentation about these points and attempt to clarify how they are utilized today. Later on, my concentration and the primary piece of this work will remember angles for which Austrian Culture impacts individuals (in Austria and when all is said in done) and attempt to discover answers to the inquiry: â€Å"What is normally or explicit for the Austrian culture and the national personality? â€Å" To make this exposition somewhat more intriguing, I will separate the fundamental part into two sections. The main will comprise of highlights which I see from being an Austrian resident; the subsequent part will endeavor to give a sign of highlights that grabbed the eye of individuals who were not conceived or brought up in Austria. Before I start with my significant composition, initial a short story about the Austrian vernacular, which is, let us state, a marker for Austria’s culture and race: â€Å"The Austrian lingo is about as lovely on the grounds that the discussion safe changes between guilty pleasure and getting a hold of oneself to and fro play. It in this manner permits an indispensable abundance of right anticipating temper. † This short statement from the German writer and artist Christian Morgenstern gives effectively exceptionally exact and accommodating â€Å"informations† about culture in Austria. To comprehend what the creator was attempting to state with this statement you need to welcome the surprising hole that lies in the middle of Austrian and German culture. Despite the fact that a great many people on the planet (in the event that they even know where Austria is found! ) consider Austrian Culture as a fundamentally the same as the German culture, which may be not even so distant from reality however undoubtedly, there are significant and imperative contrasts. One of them is that Austrians can be anticipated with the descriptive words â€Å"cozy†, â€Å"comfy† and â€Å"unhurried† contrasted with the descriptors Germans are famous for on the planet, for example, â€Å"detailed†, â€Å"precise† and â€Å"hardworking†. From my perspective it hushes up option to state that a major piece of the Austrian Culture lies some place in the middle of, and that is the thing that Christian Morgenstern was attempting to state with his statement. In any case, before I dive excessively deep, let us start from the earliest starting point: What is culture? All things considered, this isn't a simple inquiry to answer in light of the fact that there are different definitions for this word. I will state here two distinct meanings of culture. Geert Hofstede characterized an extremely regular arrangement of models for worldwide societies. For him culture â€Å"is the aggregate programming of the human psyche that recognizes the individuals from on human gathering from those of another. Culture in this sense is an arrangement of by and large held qualities. † (Hofstede 1990, p. 20) Whereas Edgar Schein, who was kept in touch with truly outstanding and instructive books on hierarchical culture, characterizes culture â€Å"as the more profound degree of fundamental presumptions and convictions that are shared by individuals from an association that work unknowingly and characterize in an essential 'underestimated? style an organization’s perspective on itself and its condition. † (Schein 1994, p. 7) From these two definitions it is now very clear that culture has especially to do with gatherings. A fundamental need of gatherings is the capacity to convey, both at a shallow level (for which normal language to a great extent gets the job done) and furthermore at a more profound degree of importance. At this more profound level, words, activities and things can get loaded up with extraordinary and explicit significance for the gathering, for example, bunch explicit language and language, customs for welcome, gatherings and other gathering procedures and to wrap things up work of art and antiques that represent and help the gathering to remember their history (cf. Schein 1994, p. 24;25). What's more, Austria has a long history with a rich custom. Austria’s topographical area at the intersection of Europe decided its recorded multiethnic cosmetics. As Austria is involved with nine territories and flanked by eight nations with their own unmistakable societies, the individuals of every territory will in general be unique. Encircled by such huge numbers of different societies, Austria has frequently been exposed to social â€Å"invasions†, which are the wellspring of the distinctions among the areas. Another wellspring of the assorted variety is the Alps, which spread 62 percent of the nation. The differentiations likewise happened in light of the fact that various gatherings settled in Austria. Notwithstanding the Celts, Romans, Hungarians, and Germanic gatherings, numerous gatherings from focal Europe showed up during the Middle Ages. Presently we have characterized Austria’s states of culture and its legacy. Let us move to the following significant point: â€Å"National Identity†. As per the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, personality is characterized as â€Å"those properties that make you exceptional as an individual and not the same as others† or â€Å"the way you see or characterize yourself†. Personality can in this way be viewed as the situating of the â€Å"self† rather than the â€Å"others†. This idea alludes to individual as opposed to aggregate character and might be controlled by the sexual orientation just as the regional, social, social, strict, ethnic, semantic and national personality (cf. Smith 1991, p. 15). Going past individual personality to aggregate character and moving toward the idea of national personality, the definition gets increasingly intricate. It isn't tied in with recognizing a solitary individual, yet about identifying attributes of an entire focal point of populace. In another methodology, the subsequent develop, the country can be characterized as â€Å"an broad total of people, so firmly connected with one another by normal plunge, language, or history, as to shape an unmistakable race or individuals, typically sorted out as a different political state and possessing a positive territory† (The Oxford English Dictionary 1933, p. 30). So now we have all around characterized the terms culture and national personality and these definitions leave especially space open to look at the Austrian way of life and culture. Therefor it is extremely hard to respond to addresses like â€Å"What is ordinarily Austrian? † without summing up too much. The battle lies in the issue, that on the off chance that you have experienced childhood in a spot, you see numerous things uniquely in contrast to outsiders would and, which makes the circumstance much progressively entangled, you don’t notice things outsiders should think about odd. To me, the circumstance is somewhat simpler; I was conceived in Croatia and moved to Austria when I was 5 years of age, so I am ready to take the two sides of perception, within and the outside. My initial segment of perception about the â€Å"Austrian soul† goes before me to the rococo and catholic inheritance that, I think, goes inseparably with Austrian Culture and National Identity. This implies Austrian culture is emphatically affected by a florid, Catholic convention that is genuinely unobtrusive regarding real strict life (just 7 percent of all Austrians go to a week after week administration, which is Western-European norm; in Poland it is 20 percent, in the United States of America 40 percent! ). By and by, the custom of solid family ties, extravagant design, food and galas, just as festivities and services is something I see as worried about the Catholic inheritance of the nation. Convention and certain manners by which you connect with individuals socially is exceptionally various leveled and a lot stricter controlled than in English talking nations. Families get noteworthy open advantages for remaining with infants for a long time and workers are required to make sure about a mother? s (or father? s, however that is still remarkable in Austria) work for a long time. This leads straightforwardly to the following molding factor in Austria, the communist custom. The communist convention of the nation is for the most part dependent on the changes of the1970ies. Training is pretty much liberated from grade school to college (when a traditionalist government began charging around 700 Euros in expenses for each year, there were numerous exhibitions all over Austria). Social insurance is open. Transportation, culture and expressions, libraries and other foundation is intensely supported by general society. That has critical social ramifications: Austria? s college graduates are among the most seasoned in Europe (in 2005, the normal period of getting the main degree was 27) and its retirement age is among the least. For quite a long while, the political pattern is to chop the social framework down and change the nation financially. Numerous Austrians locate the sheer idea of duty and activity troubling, however. Austrians likewise have gained notoriety for being moderate and xenophobic, particularly Germans like to consider us an antagonistic, cranky bundle (which we likely could be regarding Germans). The political range of Austria is in certainty moved marginally to the privilege contrasted with Germany: The German traditionalists are the â€Å"rightest† party, while Austrian populists standing unmistakably right of the preservationists have spearheaded populist political developments in Europe. To get th

Anxiety Culture

Topic Society must surrender the conviction of difficult work that we obtained from the Puritan period to live a valid, cheerful, and satisfying life. Demeanor concern, instructive, intelligent (Tone) An Audience The common laborers R Rhetorical inquiry â€Å"How would you be able to detest simplicity and sluggishness then Strategy not feel remorseful when you take a rest? † (Anxiety Culture: The puritan Work Ethic)Commentary In the magazine article, â€Å"Anxiety Culture: The Puritan Work Ethic. † by Brian Dean, he utilizes the facetious inquiry â€Å"How would you be able to scorn simplicity and lethargy then not feel remorseful when you take a rest? ‘ to permit the perusers to respond to the inquiry in their mind and make them consider the subject. The peruser gets the purpose of the article unmistakably by addressing the inquiry in their minds without the writer expressing it directly.Brian Dean drives the peruser, with this non-serious inquiry, to understand that we as a whole have something within us that shields us from easing back down and unwinding. At that point, Dean proceeds to clarify why we do have these convictions and what is modified within us to trust it is correct. I attempted the test given by the creator and bombed rapidly! I just could do it for roughly 1 hour and 48 minutes. At the point when I was Just laying there sitting idle, I felt this surge of regret, and I was unable to quit pondering all the things I should e doing rather than this.It was additionally extremely hard for my mother, since I help her around the house and by every moment she turned out to be progressively irritated. I concur with the article that we are modified not to unwind, and to continually be involving ourselves with work. It was probably the hardest activity. STARS By Triennial Puritan Work Ethic) Commentary In the magazine article, â€Å"Anxiety Culture: The Puritan Work Ethic,† by then not feel regretful when you take a rest? â₠¬  to permit the perusers to answer the

Persuasive Essay Samples

Persuasive Essay SamplesFor persuasive essay samples, the rules are simple. The best way to get the word out about your ideas is to write an essay that will not only get a lot of attention, but will also keep readers interested enough to return and read on. If you want to write a well-written essay, you must practice and write more than one essay.This is the best way to start thinking about how to structure a persuasive essay, because it is generally not a good idea to cut your writing short. It may be okay for a 500 word article, but if you have written several thousand words on a topic, you will run into a lot of problems. You should make sure that the essay has a proper beginning, middle, and end. All the pieces of the puzzle are there, and the essay will not fall apart.Since every article is a big piece of writing, you must pay attention to every point that you make. When you make an argument, you must provide evidence for that argument. If you skip this part, your essay will pro bably not have much of an impact.The other factor that will help your essay have a big success is the use of imagery. Just like people listen to music, they respond to images as well. The same thing is true with essays.The bigger image you can create, the better your essay will have a big impact. This is where the power of the persuasive essay samples comes in. You can make an argument, but if you lack examples of someone else's success, your case will not hold up.If you can create the right picture, you can make an entire world of difference. You can give people hope and help them reach their full potential. The most important thing is that you give an image that people want to hold onto.Your readers will recognize the image from your writing, and you will have created a spark of hope. It will spark an idea and take it from there. You will then be able to explain the whole argument with the image you created.Make sure that you put a variety of persuasive essay samples into your bod y of work. Some will be one page, while others will be a long essay with many different pages to support your point.

The Importance Of Security Awareness Training For An...

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify common and severe threats to an organization’s database regardless of the size of the company. As well as the techniques that can be used to mitigate the weaknesses and reduce the threats to the database. Lastly this paper will cover the importance of security awareness training. Introduction In the world of technology, information is becoming increasingly available, which is mainly due to the increasing capabilities of databases. Every company regardless of size relies on databases to store and organize data for easy retrieval when needed. Databases are very critical to just about very organization and individual in the modern world. Everyone interacts with databases either indirectly or†¦show more content†¦Threats There are a number of threats that can potential bring an organization to its knees, costing companies millions of dollars in damages and loss of future revenue. Many threats can come from black hat hackers attacking a business’s infrastructure, however, some threats can even come from employees. Either way it is the companies responsibility to protect the information stored and processed on its databases. Regardless of how the threat presents itself, whether internally from a malicious user or accidentally from a new employee, or from outside threats using injection attacks to the application running on the database. Some of the common or know types of attacks or threats to a database are SQL injection, Buffer overflows, malware, and the average user. All of these attacks and threats can cripple a company’s network and ruin its reputation. SQL Injection SQL injections used by an attacker to gain access to information on an organizations database through an organization’s own application. SQL injections are designed to exploit weakness with the data fields of the application, allowing an attacker to input commands and codes to obtain the information on the database. Information like usernames and passwords, or even actually data stored on these databases. This attack has been around for years, yet according to OWASP SQL injections are the number one threat to companies in 2013. The reason this attack has made it to the top of the list, is

National Assessment Program Literacy And Numeracy

I. Introduction The National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) is a series of tests administered annually to all Australian students. NAPLAN is divided into separate components for Numeracy and Literacy, including Reading, Writing, Spelling and Grammar. An article published in the Sydney Morning Herald in 2013 reported that students from a language background other than English (LBOTE) were performing better than students from English-speaking backgrounds (non-LBOTE) in both literacy and numeracy. LBOTE category broadly encompasses all students who speak a language other than English at home, or whose parents speak a language other than English at home. For the purpose of this report, only the Literacy component will†¦show more content†¦The tests are normally composed of approximately 40 questions. Narrative, informative and persuasive texts are the three main genres focused on by NAPLAN. Generally, students are given a writing prompt with the expectation they wou ld respond to one of the writing genres given. This reflects the variety of writing forms taught at school . The purpose of the tests is to monitor Australia’s education standards and identify students which require greater assistant and additional support at school. The tests provide data on the achievements of the students. By monitoring the performance of different categories of students, Governments and schools are able to recognise who needs support and target policy, funding and teaching facilities so that all Australian students receive the same opportunity to develop successfully in their education . There are numerous stakeholders in the NAPLAN tests. The Primary stakeholders are students, parents and teachers whereas the secondary stakeholders are the Schools/ principals and Jurisdictions. The primary stakeholder rely on the NAPLAN to monitor their skill levels in different areas, whilst the secondary stakeholders take appropriate action to address any deficiency in skill levels on the basis of the NAPLAN results . III. Proposed Criteria For Critical Evaluation In constructing tests it is important to ensure that they accurately measure the factors required to be tested,

Canon Swot Analysis - 2046 Words

CANON STRENGTHs: * Strong promotion: Canon India photo Marathon Contest 2011. Prizes- Grand prize: Photo clinic tour to Tasmania, Australia for top 2 winners 2nd prize winner: Wins the EOS 600D ( 18-55mm lens kit ) 3rd prize winner: Wins the EOS 550D ( 18-55mm lens kit) 4th prize winner: Wins the EOS 1100D (18-55mm IS lens kit) Held at three places simultaneously- Sunday, 18th September 2011: Delhi, Kalka Public School, Alaknanda, New Delhi Mumbai, St. Xavier’s College, Mahapalika Road, Mumbai†¦show more content†¦* Canon has a high percentage of the market share, meaning it is ahead of many competitors. * Canon distribution chain can be listed as one of their strengths and links to success. * High quality products/services is a vital strength, helping to ensure customers return to canon. * Canon international operations mean a wider customer base, a stronger brand and a bigger chunk of the global market. * Development and innovation are high at canon with regard to their product s/services, which is a sure strength in its overall performance. * Canon position in the market is high and strong  ± a major strength in this industry as they are ahead of many rivals. * Having little competition, being one of very few companies providing this service/product is a major factor in canon performance. * The online presence of canon is strong, meaning it is ahead of many competitors. * The lucrative location of canon adds to its strengths due to its accessibility (road, rail, air etc). * Supplier relationships are strong at canon, which can only be seen as strength in their overall performance. 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Australian Economy

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b)Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels. Answers: A: Relationship between inflation and unemployment. Government Interference in reducing inflation and unemployment and examples: i. Relation between inflation and unemployment: Inflation stands for the rise in prices of various goods and commodities due to various factors such as increased in money supply, rising demand for goods and decreasing supply of good. This way inflations results in increase price level of goods making them dearer. Unemployment means the decrease in opportunities to earn money at the existing wage rate. This way unemployment results in declining jobs and decreasing wage rates(Atkinson Miller, 1998). The relation between inflation and unemployment as per the Philip curve is negative. That is with the rise in unemployment there is substantial fall in inflation and vice versa. This means that when people are offered jobs, they get disposable income in their hands for regular requirements. With the promotions the disposable income raises leading to more expenditure. However there may exist diminishing marginal returns to utility as the person may be earning good income earlier. The result is that people have more money in their hands and they spend extravagantly. The outcome is price hikes leading to inflation. With more employment opportunities and more disposable income available, people tend to spend more leading to inflationary effects that comes into action. This way rise in demand at present supply level leads to rise in prices causing inflation(Atkinson et al., 1998). On the other hand if their exist less disposable income with the people due to low wage rate and increased unemployment, the prices of goods will also fall down. That is decrease in demand at present supply level will result in price decline. This way unemployment leads to decreasing money movement in the market. Savings are less and people spend mostly on necessities. Result is decline in demand and therefore the inflationary affects also face a setback(Begg Ward, 2003). ii. Government interference: Government interference stands for controlling business activities. That is government makes efforts through directions and regulations to control the free market conditions, business participation and regular business activities to control economic conditions of the country. The main motive is to work for the welfare of the people. The government interference is however argued to be restricted as they may cause various problems to the economy and businesses(Atkinson Miller, 1998). Government expenditures may be made on inefficient projects. Inefficient allocation of resources can be observed. Political pressure based decisions can be made to benefit few businessmen. Market regulations can lead to low quality output. Personal freedom of the entrepreneurs can be restricted. Increase in bureaucracy. Thus the government interference should be restricted up to some extent. That is, instead of taking controls over the market, the government expenditures should be made for the public welfare processes. This includes building roads, hospitals, schools and colleges etc. With expenditures on the public utilities the government can give support to the normal living of all the citizens in the country(Butkeviciene et al., 2008). iii. Need of government interference: Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons. A. Interference for reducing inflation: Inflation makes even the necessities dearer making it difficult for the common people to sustain a good life. Low quality products and services is sold in the market. Stock piling takes place that further initiates the inflationary effects. Thus government should make efforts to keep a control over the pricing of essential goods. Moreover the minimum rates for the necessities will be fixed so that the businesses cannot take advantage of stock piling and lesser supply. Finally the quality assurance is fixed so that every product sold in market meets the food related guidelines and requirements(Dornsbusch, 2002). B. Interference for reducing unemployment: People are unable to get the deserving jobs. Financial status of the people downgrades. The unemployed may participate in various criminal activities and illegal activities. Thus government should invest in projects which promise to generate employment opportunities for number of people. Also the unemployed should be guided towards the job by government offices. In some countries unemployment allowance is also given so that the unemployed could at least meet their necessary requirements for living. Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons(Lash Urry, 1994). iv. Examples of government interference: It has been proved at various times that the government intervention is a disguised blessings for the economy and its citizens. During the first economic slowdown in year 1929, the economies faced a set back and the governments were finding ways to bring market stimuli through application of new financial projects. The British government took the step of making rail lines so that the money movement can be started. This resulted in bringing employment opportunities for various people and hence government interference helped in bringing back the economy from complete stagflation phase(Layton Robinson, 2014). Various other examples of government interference helping us in the present day world include the followings. Fixing minimum level of wages to offer people with the minimum earnings from their hard work. Establishing minimum standards of nutrition and health care in the production of FMCG or Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Displaying of warnings of the disease or issues that cigarettes and other tobacco products may lead the consumer to. Control over the broadcasts on television, radio and movies so that parental controls and proper guidance can be given to the viewers about the contents. Making advertisements through various mediums to inform people about the various safety and health care projects that are made for public welfare. Regulations and restrictions are administered at public places so that the common interest of the general public can be safeguarded. Control over business activities in causing harm to the environment and people living in the area through regulations. B. Analyze inflation, unemployment and growth trend in Australia. Identifying range of aggregate supply curve in Australia: i. Unemployment rate in Australia: The unemployment rate has declined in Australia in December 2014 to 6.10 percent as against 6.20 in November 2014. However the overall unemployment rate is much higher as against 4 percent in February 2008. As per the data retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statics, the following graph of Australian unemployment rate and the recent trend can be shown. (IECONOMICS, 2015) From the above diagram, we can clearly analyses that the unemployment rate is on an average of 6 percent. This trend of rise in unemployment has been observed since 2008, when the economic slowdown affected the economies around the world. ii. Inflation rate in Australia: The inflation rate has been rising but at a diminishing rate, year on year basis, in Australia in the recent years. The rate of inflation on January 2014 was 2.7 as against 1.2 on December 2012. This shows the trend of economy improvements in the country. This trend has continued to grow as the inflation rate showed consistent rise until July 2014 by reaching to 3 but again a fall has been recorded which brought it back to 2.3 in October 2014.This can be shown as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iii. Growth trends: The growth trends includes the imports, exports, currency rates, GDP, unemployment rate and various other factors that depicts the financial position of the country and its economic growth. The growth trend in Australia as on September 2014 is discussed as follows. Australian imports are falling to 5820 AUD million. The countrys interest rates are fixed at 2.5%. Australian exports are rising to 4932 AUD million. Australian currency is failing to continue its strength in the international markets and thus a fall of .79 has been observed. The GDP has been shooting up to 1561 billion dollars. This way an overall average growth trend is observed till date. The growth rate has improved from -0.5 in January 2011 to 1.2 in March 2014. However a steep fall has been observed later which brought it down to 0.25 until the start of October 2014(IECONOMICS, 2015). This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) This way the overall features of Australian economy can be concluded as follows. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iv. Relation between inflation, unemployment and growth: Inflation, unemployment and growth are all interconnected with each other. Inflation results in rising prices on the one side but on the other side signals the presence of good employment opportunities in the market. It confirms that people have extra disposable income which is supporting the inflationary effects in the market. This way inflation is a sign of economic growth and prosperity. However the reverse of inflation that is deflation is a sign of economic slowdown. The prices of goods and services decline when their demand declines. The demand for goods decline when people do not have extra disposable income. This mostly happens when there is no job or decline in pay scale. This way deflation shows that the economy is contracting and the unemployment level is rising which is causing the reverse of inflation. The best method to achieve high level benefit for the country is through achieving a definite level of inflation in the economy. In Australia there is a target of achieving 3% inflation based on year on year basis. The government through its yearly policies decides on market stimuli methods so that the economy can be supported by boosting the investment and hence helping movement of money in the market. Various projects and plan are developed overtime to enhance the employment opportunities and achieve a definite level of inflation in the market. This way an estimate growth is expected to be achieved over time. v. Aggregate supply curve of Australia: Aggregate supply curve consists of Gross Domestic Product or GDP related information at various price levels. The Aggregate supply for Australia consists of the following features. The GDP of Australia is recorded at 1561$ billion in year 2013. The GDP growth rate is at 0.3% recorded in quarter three of year 2014. The GDP annual growth is recorded at 2.7% in third quarter of 2014. The GDP per capita PPP of Australia was 42810 $ in year 2013. An increase of GDP has been recorded in year 2013 at 1561$ billion as against 1532$ billion in year 2012. However the annual growth rate is consistent at 2.7 in year 2014 and 2013. The GDP growth rate however has decline to 0.3 in year 2014 as against 0.5 in year 2013. This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) In addition the Gross national product is rising at 379020 AUD millions. On the other hand, the Australian Gross Fixed capital formation is falling at 103088 AUD million. The Money supply is rising at 310804 AUD million. At present the aggregate supply curve that is operating in the country is stated as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) vi. Range of supply curve Australia is operating: A. Short Run Aggregate Supply curve: The aggregate supply curve stands for the volume of goods and services that are actually produced in an economy at the specific price levels. The aggregate supply curve shows contraction of supply when the GDP falls and expansion when the GDP rises. This can be depicted as below. At present the Australian Economy is operating at the low level expansion of aggregate supply. This is because of adverse effects of the global slowdown that the economy even after various economic boosts and government policies is not able to improve its present economic conditions and achieve sustainable economic growth. B. Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve: The long run aggregate supply curve changes when there is a natural growth of output that affects the supply. The various factors that affect change in the long run aggregate supply curve include increased productivity, improvement in efficient, enhanced output, increase in stock etc. The shift in the Long run Aggregate supply curve takes places as follows. This way an increase in long run supply curve results in increase in Real National Income and vice versa. (Perloff, 2001) C: Monetary Policy and its influence on economy, exchange rate and employment levels: i. Monetary Policy and its influence on economy: The monetary policy actually consists of government policy and influence towards the movement and use of funds by the various financial organizations. The financial organizations are banks and other agencies that offer credit to the people at a specified rate. Through monetary the interest rates that has been charged on the loan applier is fixed. Thus efforts are made to give a fair deal and terms of taking loan that is offered to the public. On the other hand, the investors who deposit their money in the banks are also offered interest so that they get minimal return on their investment. A percentage difference is set between the interest charged from loan applicants and the interest disbursed to the investors so that the banks can earn profits and manage their administrative expenditures accordingly(Marrewijk, 2007). This way an effort is made to control the supply of money in the market. That is with the excess supply of money the disposable income with the public increases and that will result increasing expenditures and leading to inflation. On the other hand if the supply of money decreases the demand for goods declines and thus declines the inflation making the goods available at low prices(Marrewijk, 2007). ii. Monetary Policy and exchange rate: The exchange rate is actually the international market rate of currency which is fixed by the market forces. At this price the currency is exchanged in the foreign market. The monetary policy affects the exchange rate. Actually the monetary policy can reduce interest rates and this results in making easy available of capital in the market. Thus the domestic financial and capital assets including bonds, real estates and stock becomes less attractive. This will certainly affect the rate of returns on foreign investment. The final outcome will be that the foreign investors will sell out their share and will not demand for that particular currency for future investment. This way the exchange rate of the currency will fall due to the interest declining steps taken through the monetary policy. The domestic investors also will start looking toward international boundaries for future investment and thus will decline the investment in the country. Overall the demand for the currency will fall which will adversely affect the currency exchange rate. On the other hand when the interest rate raises the domestic financial and capital assets become dearer thereby increasing the value of investments of foreign investors. Thus they can demand more currency for investment which will result in increasing foreign exchange price of that country(Mahadevan, 2004). The outcome of the faulty monetary policy on the foreign exchange rate can be identified as follows. Decrease in currency exchange rate. Lack of investment in the country. Decline in growth rate. Devaluation of the currency in the foreign market. Decrease demand of currency in international targets. Balance of trade will get adverse. (Layton Robinson, 2014) iii. Monetary Policy and employment levels: Employment levels stands for the numbers of deserving candidates getting jobs. The employment level is affected by the monetary policy as well. With the fall in the interest rates the availability of funds to the public will increase. This will result in increasing investment in the economy that will automatically produce more employment opportunities as the factors of production will be deployed for the production purpose including labor. Thus the people who participate in the production process will get employment and earn good income. People will save less and invest more to create new business opportunities. On the other hand if the interest rates increase than the funds available at loan will get dearer. There will be lesser entrepreneurial spirit and investment that can be observed in the economy. People will save more in the banks as the returns from investment are higher and safe than investing them in capital market. There will no investment or business set up leading to no employment opportunities and increasing unemployment levels(Atkinson et al., 1998). The outcome of faulty monetary policy on employment will be as follows. Increase in unemployment level. People will be forced to work on jobs below their capabilities. Wage rate will decline and people will have to accept jobs at low pay scale. Increase in criminal and illegal activities. People will immigrate in other countries in search of jobs. Tension will prevail with the immigrants who offer their services at low pay. (Dornsbusch, 2002) This way the monetary policy is the backbone of every economy. A faulty monetary policy can lead to huge loss to the economy. On the other hand, the correct monetary policy can help in achieving various high level gains and profits to the economy. Therefore there is a need to develop a monetary policy that could benefit the nation and its citizens as well. Bibliography Atkinson, B., Livesey, F. Milward, B., 1998. Applied Economics. London: MacMillan. Atkinson, B. Miller, R., 1998. Business Economics. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Begg, D. Ward, D., 2003. Economics for Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Butkeviciene, V.J., Stravinskiene Rutelione, A., 2008. Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process. Incinerate Economical-Engineering Economics, 1, pp.57-65. Daly, H., 2008. Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Dornsbusch, R., 2002. Macroeconomics. Sydney: McGraw Hill. Harris, N., 2001. Business Economics theory and Application. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann. IECONOMICS, 2015. Australian Economy. 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