Depth Perception, an Inborn Skill? :: essays research papers

In 1960, Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk conducted an experiment to see whether depth perception is an inborn or a learned skill in humans. They conducted their experiment with a table that had a thick glass surface on half of the table and a solid base on the other half. This created an illusion of a small cliff without the dangers of actually falling. In this experiment, infants ranging from the age of 6 to 14 months were placed on the solid side of the table. The infants’ mothers were placed on the other side of table and were there to coax the infants to the other side. Of the 30 infants tested, 27 of them crossed the glass surface when called while only 3 refused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gibson and Walk conducted the same experiment on newborn chickens and goats with astonishing results. When chickens and goats were placed on the solid side, not a single one of them made an error to cross the â€Å"cliff.† The same test was conducted on baby rats whose results fared far worse than the results of the chickens and goats. The rats fared worse because they are nocturnal animals who rely on other senses other than vision to direct them. From this experiment, Gibson and Walk concluded that depth perception was inborn to all animals and humans by the time they achieve independent movement. This is in the case of chickens and goats at birth and for humans at around 6 months of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The results of Gibson and Walk’s experiment are very questionable because their control group did not consist of any socially dependant animals. Infants are socially dependent of their mother for survival and nurturing throughout their childhood. Gibson and Walk should have conducted their control experiment on socially dependant animals such as elephants or cheetahs instead of animals that do not rely heavily on their caretaker. In 1985, Sorce, Emde, Campos, and Klinnert conducted the same visual cliff experiment with human infants and their mothers. This time, the mother was instructed to maintain an expression of fear or happiness on the other side of the â€Å"cliff.

Natural Fiber Wide Use Health And Social Care Essay

Natural fibres have been in a broad usage since the development of the human race. Catching up the Eco thrust, applied scientists were looking for eco-friendly options for fictile fibre. In the due class many natural fibres have been tested and some were able to do their base going economically feasible. The present work proposes to fix and prove a Natural Fiber ( Asian Palmyra ) Reinforced Composite ( NFRC ) . The survey is planned in conformity to a 3-Level Factorial Design and find the fluctuation of Tensile Strength ( TS ) , of short and indiscriminately oriented Palmyra NFRC, under control parametric quantities such as alkali intervention clip, fiber length and fiber volume % . The present paper focuses to pattern the influence of procedure variables on TS through Response Surface Methodology. The mathematical theoretical account which is developed to foretell tensile strength is found statistically valid and sound within the scope of the factors. Keywords: A – Discontinuous support, B – Mechanical belongingss, C – Statistical properties/methods, D – Mechanical testing, E – Lay-up ( manual ) .1. Introduction:Natural fibre has been in a broad usage since the development of the human race. They had got broad acceptation in communities for their flexibleness and strength. Recent tendencies in the country of fibre reinforced complexs have drawn a twine in utilizing these natural fibres as their support. The natural fibre imparts lower lastingness and lower strength compared to glaze fibres. However, low specific gravitation consequences in a higher specific strength and stiffness than glass. Natural fibres offer good thermal, dielectric and acoustic insularity belongingss along with easiness in processing technique without have oning of tools. Most of these fibres are produced in developing states like China, India and Brazil etc. In a historical position complexs like straw reinforced walls, bows and chariots made of pasted beds played of import functions in their endurance. Though many of these fibres are limited to their epidemic parts due to high local demand for many old ages, coming of man-made fibres have affected the market of natural fibres. After being entirely used for their electromagnetic belongingss, utilizing complexs to better the structural public presentation of ballistic capsule and aircraft became popular in last two decennaries of the old century. Particularly, increased constrains and future environmental route maps, have been emphasizing automotive industries to diminish their C pes prints. These rigorous steps have become blessing to the lagging natural fibre industries, and thereby making new challenges for research workers in happening beginnings of fibre, fiction techniques and applications of na tural fibres. The easy handiness of natural fibres and fabricating have motivated research workers worldwide late to seek locally available cheap fibres and to analyze their feasibleness of support intents and to what extent they satisfy the needed specifications of good reinforced polymer complexs [ 1 ] . Many surveies proved them to be possible rivals to man-made fibre to some extent. After reexamining the bing literature available on natural fibre complexs, assorted writers had put attempts in planing complexs based on the demands of composite industry. There has been a broad assortment of literature available on natural fibres such aspen, abaca, bagasse, bamboo, banana, coir, day of the month thenar, flax, henequen, isora, jute, silk cotton, deccan hemp, oil thenar, Ananas comosus, ramee, sisal, etc. , [ 2-18 ] . Natural fibre complexs provide comparable specific strength with that of man-made fibre complexs, due the low denseness offered by natural fibres [ 19 ] . There are many parametric quantities which affect the public presentation of a natural fiber-reinforced complex. Chemical alteration improvesA fiberA matrix adhesion, their consequences and effects on the physical belongingss ofA complexs [ 20 ] . Aspect ratio has a considerable consequence on composite belongingss, henc e it is of import to conserve fiber length every bit much as possible during composite processing operations [ 21 ] . Mechanical belongingss of the composite vary with assorted sums of fibre volume ratio. But there have been a really few documents covering with Palmyra fibre, the present fibre of our involvement [ 22 – 24 ] . The Borasseus Flabellifer is a tall and vertical thenar, and can populate 100 old ages or more and make a tallness of 30 m, with a canopy of big, fan-shaped foliages several twelve found distributing 3 metres across [ 25 ] . Each and every portion of the tree is a noteworthy socio-economic value for people in Southern India. The mid-ribs of the foliages and the fibres from their chaffs are used in doing industrial coppices and brooms. The fibre has good opposition to clash and heat, and will defy many chemicals and dissolvers. The denseness of toddy palm ( 0.7 gm/cm3 ) is least among all known natural fibres that are being commercially used in fabricating natural fibre complexs. This is extremely favourable belongings from the position point of light-weightiness. The present complex can happen extended application in non-structural, low-performance utilizations. Hence, the toddy palm fibres are most suited for doing support in green composite stuffs. The present research focuses on the survey and consequence of procedure parametric quantities on the tensile strength of short and indiscriminately oriented palmyra natural fibre reinforced complexs. The decisions drawn from this is that, a successful combination of procedure parametric quantities consequences in the betterment of mechanical belongingss of the composite. In future, complexs will be manufactured even more harmonizing to an integrated design procedure ensuing in the optimal building harmonizing to parametric quantities such as form, mass, strength, stiffness, lastingness, costs, etc. The developed mathematical theoretical account will be able to demo the influence of a design alteration on each one of these parametric quantities ( here strength ) .2. RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY:Response surface methodological analysis ( RSM ) began with the work of Box and Wilson in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society [ 26 ] . That work was motivated by the demand to run expe riments expeditiously, by a proper pick of design, and to find operating conditions on a set of governable variables that give rise to an optimum response. The cardinal thoughts in the classical RSM are developed utilizing additive multinomial theoretical accounts, chiefly first-degree and second-degree theoretical accounts, with uninterrupted response variables assumed, for the most portion, to be independently and usually distributed with changeless mistake discrepancies. This method has gone through several phases of development that are aimed at doing it more applicable to wider experimental state of affairss [ 27 ] . RSM is a aggregation of mathematical and statistical techniques that are utile for the mold and analysis of jobs in which a response of involvement is influenced by several variables and the aim is to optimise the response [ 28 ] . For, illustration, if the experimenter wishes to happen the degrees of two input variables, x1, x2 which maximize the output [ y ] of the procedure, so the procedure output is stated as: where I µ represents the noise or mistake observed in the response Y. If the expected response is denoted by E [ y ] = f [ x1, x2 ] = I · , so the surface represented by I · = f [ x1, x2 ] is called a response surface. If the individual input variable can be related to the end product variable so it is known as response curve and if the two input variables relate to the end product variable so it is known as response surface [ 28 ] . In common pattern, response surfaces are expressed diagrammatically and visualized through single secret plans, contours and 3D surface graphs.3. SPECIMEN Fabrication:The petioles of Asiatic Palmyra tree were soaked in a H2O retting armored combat vehicle for 45 yearss. After 45 yearss, the fibre can be extracted from the chaffs manually. These long uninterrupted fibres are washed exhaustively in plentifulness of clean H2O to take the excess waste ( fig. 1 ) .3.1 ALKALI TREATMENT:The obtained fibres were divided into three parts of equal weight. Th ese three groups of fibre were treated with 5 % NaOH solution for different clip continuances. The first group is treated for 2 hours, the 2nd for 4 hours and the 3rd for 6 hours. Chemical intervention with NaOH removes wet content from the fibres thereby increasing its strength. The chemical intervention besides clears all the drosss that are bordering the fiber stuff and besides stabilizes the molecular orientation. After alkali intervention, fibres were washed exhaustively in the distilled H2O and were dried for one twenty-four hours at room temperature. Then these long fibres were cut into short fibres of different lengths ( 3mm, 5mm and 7mm ) . The fibres which were treated for 2 hours with NaOH are cut into equal sums of 3mm, 5mm and 7mm fibres severally. Similarly, the fibres which were treated with NaOH for 4 hours and 6 hours were besides cut into short fibres. Therefore nine different samples of fibre were prepared which vary in fibre length and alkali intervention hours.3.2 PREPATION OF COMPOSITES:A rectangular wooden board of 300mm, 300mm was taken and wooden forms of thickness 4mm were fixed on these wooden boards with the aid of nails. These wooden forms were placed so that a infinite of 150mm, 10mm, and 4mm was obtained. After the molds of needed dimensions were prepared, wax was applied to the interior sides of the molds for easy release of the complex without lodging to the mold walls. Then the matrix was prepared by blending the hardener to epoxy. The epoxy and the hardener ratio were maintained at 10:1. To acquire goo d cured and a standard quality specimen, the epoxy and hardener must be assorted swimmingly and easy for about 10 proceedingss. Initial bed of the mold was filled with the epoxy rosin and hardener mixture and so the appropriate measure of fibres was placed such that epoxy mixture wholly spread over the fibres. Again, epoxy mixture was poured on the fibre. Therefore, the starting and stoping of the beds were of epoxy rosin. A fictile releasing house was placed on the top of the uncured mixture. Before using compaction, attempts were made to take all bubbles with roller. Finally, the compaction force per unit area of 0.05 MPa was applied equally and cured for 24 hours at room temperature. In this manner, specimens incorporating different volume fractions of fibre were prepared. These specimens were cured in the hot air oven at 600 C for 2 hours. Specimens incorporating different fibre volume fractions such as 20 % , 30 % , 40 % were prepared and 27 specimens were prepared. Natural Fib er Reinforced Composite ( NFRC ) is considered as the stuff for probe and its material composing is given in Table 4.1. The specimen ( Fig. 2 ) is prepared with the dimensions of 150mm length, 10mm breadth and 4mm thickness harmonizing to ASTM D 3039-76 [ 29 ] is used for experimentation.3.3 MECHANICAL Testing OF FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE:The most basic mechanical trial is the tenseness trial. For most structural stuffs, the tensile belongingss are indispensable elements of the stuff design allowable. The complexs specimens were tested as per ASTM criterions. The tensile testing was done as per ASTM D 3039M with the aid of INSTRON-6025 theoretical account Universal Testing Machine ( Fig. 3 ) at a crosshead velocity of 2mm per minute and consequences were analyzed to cipher the tensile strength of composite samples.4. Plan AN Experiment:Recognition of job and job statement:â€Å" Determine the affect of Alkali Treatment Time, Fiber length & A ; % Fiber volume on the tensile strengt h of Natural Fiber ( short Asian Palmyra ) Reinforced Composite. †Choice of factors, degrees, scopes:Alkali Treatment Time ( A ) , Fiber length ( B ) , Fiber volume % ( C ) ( 3 Levels )Choice of the response variable:Tensile Strength of Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite ( T ) .Choice of experimental design:3 flat factorial design.Performing the experiment:Tensile strength on Universal Testing Machine ( UTM ) .Statistical analysis of informations:A, B, C relation to TDecisions and recommendations:Accomplishment of experiment aims.4.1 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED METHODOLOGYThe control factors considered for experiments are alkali intervention clip, fiber length and fibre volume per centum while tensile strength is considered as the end product response. The process of response surface methodological analysis comprises the undermentioned stairss [ 30 ] : Plan a series of experiments for equal and dependable measuring of the response of involvement. Develop an empirical or mathematical theoretical account of the 2nd order response surface with the best adjustments. Find the optimum set of experimental parametric quantities that produce a upper limit or minimal value of response. Represent the direct and the synergistic effects of procedure parametric quantities through two and three dimensional secret plans.4.1.1 Conducting the experimentsThe executable scopes of the procedure control variables considered are listed in Table 4.2. These values correspond to the conditions at which there is maximal consequence on tensile strength as reported by other writers for different natural fibres. The belongingss of Asiatic Palmyra fibre reinforced complexs with different fibre lengths, clip continuances of Alkali intervention and fibre volume per centums under these conditions, the probes are presented in the undermentioned Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5. Sample of tensile trial studies are shown in Fig. 4. The tensile strength of the specimen made of epoxy and hardener is 12.44MPa.4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF EMPIRICAL MODELSThe informations collected from typical experiments refering to end product responses, Tensile Strength from Tables 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 are used to implement the proposed methodological analysis. The demand in developing the mathematical relationships is to associate the tensile strength to the procedure parametric quantities thereby easing the optimisation of the procedure parametric quantities. Design Expert, 8.0v [ 31 ] , statistical analysis package, is used to calculate the arrested development coefficients of the proposed theoretical accounts. The interaction effects of the procedure parametric quantities and tensile strength are important and hence the 2nd order theoretical accounts are postulated. The multinomial is fitted and the relationships obtained for the end product responses are given below:4.2.1 Adequacy trial:The developed empirical theoretical accounts are tested for their adequateness utilizing the undermentioned trials:4.2.1.1 Analysis of Variance [ ANOVA ] :ANOVA is carried out for the quadratic response surface theoretical accounts. The statistics of ANOVA for Tensile Strength is given in the Table 4.6. In instance of tensile strength, it can be observed from Table 4.6 that the value of â€Å" Probability & gt ; F † for the theoretical account is less than 0.05, which indicates that the theoretical account is important [ 28 ] .4.2.1.2 Multiple arrested development coefficients:To look into whether the fitted theoretical accounts really describe the experimental information, the multiple arrested dev elopment coefficient [ R2 ] is computed. R2 statistic is defined as the ratio of variableness explained by the theoretical account to the entire variableness in the existent experimental informations and is used as a step of goodness of fit [ 28 ] . If R2 attacks to integrity, the better the theoretical account fits the experimental information. In other words, it is the proportion of fluctuation in the dependant variable [ response ] that can be explained by the forecasters [ factor ] in the theoretical account. From Table 4.6, R2 for tensile strength is found to be 0.9276. This shows that the second-order theoretical account can explicate the fluctuation in tensile strength up to the extent of 92.76 % . The adjusted R2 efforts to give a more appropriate value to gauge R2. Adjusted R2 can be computed utilizing the expression 1- [ [ 1- R2 ] * [ N-1 ] / [ N-k-1 ] ] , where N is the figure of observations and K is the figure of forecasters [ 28 ] . When N is little and K is big and there will be a much greater difference between R2 and adjusted R2 [ because the ratio of [ N-1 ] / [ N-k-1 ] will be much less than 1. By contrast, when the figure of observations is really big compared to the figure of forecasters, the value of R2 and adjusted R2 will be much closer because the ratio of [ N-1 ] / [ N-k-1 ] will near 1. From Table 4.6, adjusted R2 for tensile strength is found to be 0.8915. It can be observed that the values of R2 and adjusted R2 are much closer to each other. The developed mathematical theoretical accounts are farther checked for their adequateness utilizing normal chance secret plan of remainders. The diagnostic secret plans are drawn to look into whether the informations are usually distributed and for any premise is violated. Therefore, the normal chance secret plan of remainders for the responses, tensile strength is plotted. Normal chance secret plans are used to measure whether informations come from the normal distribution. The statistical process makes the premise that an implicit in distribution is normal [ 28 ] . Thus normal chance secret plans can supply confidence that the premise is justified, or else supply a warning of jobs with the premise. An analysis of normalcy typically combines normal chance secret plans with hypothesis trials for normalcy. In a normal chance secret plan, if all the information points autumn near the line, an premise of normalcy is sensible. Otherwise, the points will swerve off from the line, and an premise of normalcy is non justified. The normal chance secret plans of the remainders for the end product responses, tensile strength is shown in Fig. 5 and it can be observed that the remainders are located on consecutive line, which means that the mistakes are distributed usually. The 3D surface graphs for tensile strength are shown in Figs. 6 – 8. All have curvilinear profile in conformity to the quadratic theoretical account fitted. Fig. 6 shows the interaction consequence of fibre length and alkali intervention clip on tensile strenth at different degrees of fibre volume per centum. It is clear from the figure that at highest values of fibre length and alkali intervention clip the tensile strenth attains largest value of 27MPa. At high value of alkali intervention clip ( 6Hrs ) and low value of fiber length ( 3mm ) , tensile strength varies from 17-19 MPa. where as at low value of both fiber length and alkali intervention clip the tensile strength is lowest. Fig. 7 depicts the consequence of fibre volume per centum and alkali intervention clip on tensile strength at different degrees of fibre length. As indicated in the secret plan the tensile strength additions with addition in both fiber volume per centum and alkali intervention clip. The highest value of tensile strength of about 27MPa is recorded at high values of fibre volume per centum and alkali intervention clip. Fig. 8 describes the interaction consequence of fibre volume per centum and fiber length on tensile strength of short and indiscriminately oriented Palmyra fiber composite at different degrees of base intervention clip. As the fibre volume per centum additions from 20 – 40 % and fibre length increasing from 7 – 3mm so tensile strength additions from 13 – 27 MPa. The combined consequence of fibre length and fibre volume per centum increases the tensile strength of composite. It can be said that the empirical theoretical accounts developed were moderately accurate, for Tensile strength.5 DecisionThe proposed work is on the survey and consequence of procedure parametric quantities on the tensile strength of short and indiscriminately oriented toddy palm fibre reinforced complexs. The experimental probe on mechanical behavior of palmyra fibre reinforced complexs leads to the undermentioned decisions: Tensile strength ( TS ) , of the toddy palm fibre reinforced compos ite stuff is greatly influenced by alkali intervention clip, fiber length and fibre volume fraction. The quadratic theoretical account developed by RSM can be used to foretell the tensile strength of the toddy palm fibre reinforced composite stuff at 93 % assurance degree. But the cogency of the theoretical account is limited to the scope of parametric quantities considered for the probe. The truth of the developed theoretical account can be improved by including more figure of parametric quantities and degrees. Further, mathematical theoretical accounts can be developed by taking multiple responses, with different scopes of procedure variables and the composite design can be optimized based on the demand of the clients.

What Is Genetic Engineering - 954 Words

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The Effects Of Outside Forces On Eating Disorders

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I A Human Or A Robot - 896 Words

Am I a human or a robot? A question I fear some will have to determine in the near future. As well as which one will society brand us as the right answer, thus swaying the inevitable of the one that must no longer exist. I have never heard of Blade Runner, until taking computer, ethic and society. The movie was quite interesting, my reaction will be derived from the ideas portrait by the movie and how relevant it is to us humans today, and what is one envisioning of the future geared toward the movie idea. Is this an â€Å"it† or a â€Å"he/she†? Some of us can’t distinguish between some materialistic things. As time goes on, I have seen people get more emotionally attached to things, as if the thing shouldn’t be considered an â€Å"it† but in fact a â€Å"he/she†. Is this going to be a good thing down the road? That human created things, holds higher values than that of a human beings life? Question one has to consider, as technologies advan ces, and emotion becomes more lenient on the side of humanizing things that cannot stand on their own, sort of speak. In the movie, to my attention it was made clear that humans and robot were very similar to the point that one had to run a test on the machine to determine that it was not human. Thus leading to the fact that the emotional attachment to the machine will seem more acceptable in the relevance that one does not know who or what it is being emotionally attached to. The boundaries of â€Å"it† and â€Å"he/she† arises an emergence of a new categories,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Emotion On Human Beings1368 Words   |  6 PagesAt the beginning when asked what it means to be human I believed that to be human you had to meet some requirements. For someone to fall under the category of being human they had the ability to believe in a greater power. Also a person being able to live out their faith in any way they would like to allows them to be labeled as hum an. The biological make up of a human also was another requirement that was needed to be met to be labeled as human. Having a heart, brain, skin, hair, and all the otherRead MoreEssay on A Robot Character in the Films, Wall-E and Treasure Planet1085 Words   |  5 PagesPlanet has a key robot character. He is old rusty, left behind and has gone mad. Traits similar to that of our robot character. The robot is skinny in it’s body shape and has a human aspect (picture a skinny human who has been left in the wild for years). The robot has expressive eyebrows as the character talks during the movie. Another reason the robot character was chosen was because of the eyes again like the eyebrows are very expressive. They have movements like a normal human eye (depictingRead MoreThe Human To Robot Connection. In The Movie â€Å"Ex Machina†1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human to Robot Connection In the movie â€Å"Ex Machina† the director Alex Garland communicates with viewers that robots and humans can have relationships. Throughout the film the way robot, Ava, is portrayed is human like and she is able to build relationships with people. Alex Garland uses the way the camera is placed or way things are filmed to put emphasis on these interactions. The scholarly sources I used to compare the science fiction and real life examples are, Can Robots Manifest PersonalityRead MoreRobots And Expert Systems Of The Future1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbe like in the future? Will robots and other artificial intelligence live and work with human beings? If they do live and work with us, would they improve our future, or would they cause problems in our life? Mankind has been known to create many revolutionary technologies, including artificial technologies and robots. Robots have been around since the early 60s, and ever since the inventions of robots, many people have wondered if robots are capable of living with humans. Throughout Michio Kaku’sRead MoreI Robot Ethics685 Words   |  3 PagesAfter watching the movie I, Robot, I find that many ethical issues come about from the technology shown in the movie. The movie takes place in 2035 and is about robots that are programmed with Three Laws: First Law-A robot must never harm a human being or, through inaction, allow any harm to come to a human; Second Law-A robot must obey the orders given to them by human beings, except where such orders violate the First Law; Third Law- A robot must protect its own existence unless this violates theRead MoreEssay on The Origin of Robots1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe Origin of Robots Over the years mankind has advanced greatly in the field of technology and day by day we continue to advance. The future holds many possibilities, one of which is living in a world with robots. Isaac Asimov shared his view of this possible future in his novel I, Robot. His view portrays robots as machines superior to humans mentally and physically. If robots are superior to humans, how do humans control the robots? Humans create the three Laws of Robotics, which are instilledRead MoreHuman Perception of Domestic Robots Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRobots are now used in domestic environments to perform a range of useful tasks or functions. Thus, it is required that they must carry out these tasks or functions in a manner that is socially acceptable, comfortable and effective for people it shares the environment with and interacts with. In order to have an effective human-robot interaction, physical embodiment and behavior of domestic robots played a significant role. Previous studies have proved that the physical appearance of domesticRead MoreFinding Our Place On The Era Of Robots1553 Words   |  7 PagesCourse No.:ENGL 1104:11 Name : Xuefeng Zheng ID : 20122063 Finding Our Place in The Era of Robots For centuries, people have fantasized that machines could possess intelligence like the human race, and work as our most faithful servants someday. Fortunately, this dream has nearly come true in many fields today. Automatons are widely used in many areas, from self-driving cars to sex robots -- and an especially large number of applications in the mass-production industry, such as in car manufacturingRead MoreRobotics Changes the World848 Words   |  4 Pagesand an expert on robot science and techno games, in â€Å"The Ethical Frontiers of Robotics† shows the unavoidable of the use of robots in the future and ethical problems that come together (p. 357). According to Sharkey (2008), there are positive and negative aspects of the robots use for care for children and the elderly, and the use of autonomous robots in the military (p. 358). Sharkey claims that using robots in our daily life would have both positive and negative sides because robots can assist inRead MoreEssay Artificial Intelligence is Dangerous to Humanity1068 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove our communities in ways we humans can’t, or will they just cause danger to us? I believe that artificial intelligence will only bring harm to our communities. There are multiple reasons why artificial intelligence will bring danger to humanity, some of them being: you can’t trust them, they will lead to more unemployment, and they will cause more obesity. Artificial intelligence is the development of a computer system that is able to perform tasks of human intelligence like visual perception

Human Resource Service and Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Service and Development. Answer: Literature review The change in the taste and the preferences of the consumers and the change in the requirements of the people relating to healthcare and services have resulted to the growth of organizations providing service. The growth of the multinationals requires a huge human resource that works for the benefits of the organization and helps in achieving the common goal that is being enumerated by the organization. In the present scenario, these multinationals suffer from the loss of their human resource due to a set of reasons. The nursing and the healthcare facilities in Australia chiefly faces a lower retention rate of the nurses and the employees, depending on the conditions they are being subjected to. The retention rate of the employees, the human being the resource behind the development of the organizations, is being compromised due to the factors that affect the availability of the human resource. The basis of the discussion that is being considered for this report is to understand the reasons behind the loss of the human resource in Australia. The problems that are being faced by the organizations and the business firms in Australia is based on the availability of the skilled labor, also the retention of the skilled and experienced workforce is an important aspect that affects the organizational progress. The report aims at understanding the reasons and the effects of the loss of the human resource, in the present day market. It also helps in determining the importance of the human resource in undertaking the advancements that is being planned by the organizations. The loss of the human resource is a rising issue in the present day Australian market, which is being highlighted through the report and the chief causes for the loss is being described. The skilled labor finding better options of employment based on the policies that are being framed buy the organizations and the working conditions play a major role in determining the loss of the human resource in the organizations. The Australian healthcare workforce is facing a lower retention rate of the employees based on the diversity of the healthcare issues that the professionals are required to adhere to the healthcare needs of the people. The basic outcome of this fall in the retention rate have affected the healthcare units largely, therefore the issues are submerged in one another. The important consideration that the medical practitioners must undertake is based on the designing of functions that help in meeting the healthcare requirements of the people. The report aims at understanding the problems that are being faced by the organization sin recruiting and retaining the workforce in the present day market conditions. The present day market faces the serious issues in retaining the workforce, which affects the organizational structure and results to the lower rate of the achievement of the objectives that is being set by the organization as its common goal. The evaluation of the problem and factors that leads to the issue There are certain factors that affect the retention rate of the employees in Australia. it may be due to the issues in the working conditions and the environment to which the employees are being ex[posed. It also might be due to the policies that do not facilitate the requirements of the skilled workforce (Roche et al. 2015). This section of the report concentrates on the understanding of the factors that affect the retention rate of the employees and therefore affect the human resource management of the organizations. The determining factors influence the retention rate of the employees is based on the considerations that affect the performance of the organizations at large. The factors are being discussed in this part of the assignment in order to understand the discrepancies that the employees face in the working environment leading them to resign from their jobs (Martin et al. 2012). Employee-employer relationship Communication gaps between the employee and the employer or the people involved in the management of the organization results to the gaps in the mentality of the people and effects the proper coordination (Hong et al. 2012). The employee might feel unrecognized and unappreciated, which affects the work that the employee undertakes. The major effects of the employee employer relationship results to the dissatisfaction of the employees in regard to the work they are delivering in favor of the organization. A motivational gap occurs which broadens its limits and thereby causes that employee to take a decision favoring the resignation (Belbin, Erwee and Wiesner 2012) Little hope for carrier advancements The little hope for the carrier advancements is another factor that facilitates the employees to resign from their respective posts. The resignation effects the advancements planned by the company and thereby undertake costs to undertake new recruitments. There again the company faces a lag as per the costs are involved (Jackson 2014). Moreover, the company also loses the loyalty and confidence of the old and experienced employees because of the frequent resignations, which occur. The employees may resign, as they find no scope of making advancements in their carrier. The future perspectives of the employees that they consider affect the mentality of the employees as they go out in search of better options in the market. The job-role issue The job role of the employees is also a determining factor as to the frequent resignations that are being faced by the organizations. The job role issue arises out of the discrepancies and the differences that the employee observes during their service based on their individual responsibility on the job role (Lincoln et al. 2014). The job role that was assigned to the individuals during the time of the recruitment might not be the actual job role, and therefore the employees might feel dissatisfied by the job role in order to make considerations based on their individual preferences (Martin et al. 2012). It is the sole responsibility of the human resource manager to deliver the correct information of the job role before conducting the recruitment process. Failing to undertake the effective functions by the human resource managers and the lagging communication might lead to the resignations that are being faced by the organization. Stressed environment and the excess work load The employees might resign due to the stress and the excess of the workload. In order to fulfill the targets that the company sets for achieving the general objective of the company pressure is being created on the people working under the organization. The people finding better options in the other companies resign from the existing company. The process results to the loss of the skilled workers from the company (Roche et al. 2015). Over stressing on the people in order to serve, the purpose of making the inputs as per the requirements of the company makes the people to lose motivation. Lack of proper training At times, the organization must review on the tutorials and undertake certain training activities in order to rejuvenate the job role to the employees. A proper rejuvenation and revision of the job role to the employees helps them to work effectively and remain responsible to their job role (Hong et al. 2012). On the other hand, the new employees that the company recruits must also undergo a proper training session in order to make them aware of the job role and the responsibilities that they are required to undertake on the work. The expectations of the company depend on the efficient and integrated working of the workforce. Moreover, the miscommunications in the training sessions and the issues relating to the execution of the job role results to the resignation from the side of the employees due to the job satisfaction (Shacklock et al. 2014). The liability of the human resource management Human resource management plays a major role in controlling and retaining the resignations that come from the side of the employees. Undertaking ways to recruit the right person for the right job and proving an effective training session helps in retaining the workforce of the organizations (Shacklock and Brunetto 2012). The involvement of the human resource in maintaining the equilibrium of the recruitment and retaining the experienced workforce can be enumerated through the different functions that can be taken by the HR of the organizations. The organizations lose their progress through the significant loss of their workforce and therefore the processes must be undertaken by the HR of the organizations in order to make it a point as to retain the value of the resource, which affects the progress of the organization (Brunetto et al. 2013). The job satisfaction is another important factor that affects the mentality of the people and results to the transition. The different structure that the company follows in the recruitment of the employees is another important factor that supports the resignation of the employees (Hong et al. 2012). Conclusion Therefore, from the above analysis it can be understood that there are significant issues that affect the availability and retention of the experienced workforce. The experienced workforce helps in undertaking the organizational progress and meets the common goal that is being set by every organization. Losing the human resource is like a significant loss of the resources. The issues that are being discussed in the above analysis states the conditions through which the employees get demoralized and thereby take decisions for the change. The Australian workforce is being reported to resign from their posts frequently in order to make sure that their interests are fulfilled through the job role they are into. The report also discusses the steps that the HR of the company must undertake in order to retain the workforce and thereby facilitate the gradual progress of the organizations. The different measures undertaken by the HR of the organizations helps in ensuring the retention of the employees, thus facilitating the improvement in the structure of the organization. The retention of the old and experienced employees helps in determining the advancements and ensures the loyalty on which the organizations can rely on. References Belbin, C., Erwee, R. and Wiesner, R., 2012. Employee perceptions of workforce retention strategies in a health system.Journal of Management Organization,18(5), pp.742-760. Brunetto, Y., Xerri, M., Shriberg, A., Farr?Wharton, R., Shacklock, K., Newman, S. and Dienger, J., 2013. The impact of workplace relationships on engagement, well?being, commitment and turnover for nurses in Australia and the USA.Journal of Advanced Nursing,69(12), pp.2786-2799. Bragg, S. and Bonner, A. (2015). Losing the rural nursing workforce: Lessons learnt from resigning nurses.Aust J Rural Health, [online] pp.366-370. Available at: https://eds.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.melbournepolytechnic.edu.au/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=23sid=81fc3701-bc46-4b52-b1f8-eafafb4d282b%40sessionmgr4008 [Accessed 23 Oct. 2017]. Francis, K., Badger, A., McLeod, M., FitzGerald, M., Brown, A. and Staines, C. (2016). Strengthening nursing and midwifery capacity in rural New South Wales, Australia.Collegian, pp.363-366. Hong, E.N.C., Hao, L.Z., Kumar, R., Ramendran, C. and Kadiresan, V., 2012. An effectiveness of human resource management practices on employee retention in institute of higher learning: A regression analysis.International journal of business research and management,3(2), pp.60-79. Jackson, D., 2014. Factors influencing job attainment in recent Bachelor graduates: evidence from Australia.Higher Education,68(1), pp.135-153. Lincoln, M., Gallego, G., Dew, A., Bulkeley, K., Veitch, C., Bundy, A., Brentnall, J., Chedid, R.J. and Griffiths, S., 2014. Recruitment and retention of allied health professionals in the disability sector in rural and remote New South Wales, Australia.Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability,39(1), pp.86-97. Martin, J.E., Sinclair, R.R., Lelchook, A.M., Wittmer, J.L. and Charles, K.E., 2012. Non?standard work schedules and retention in the entry?level hourly workforce.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,85(1), pp.1-22. Roche, M.A., Duffield, C.M., Homer, C., Buchan, J. and Dimitrelis, S., 2015. The rate and cost of nurse turnover in Australia.Collegian,22(4), pp.353-358. Ryan, C. and Watson, L. (2006). Why does Year Twelve retention differ between Australian states and territories?.Australian Journal of Education, 50, pp.203-219. Shacklock, K. and Brunetto, Y., 2012. The intention to continue nursing: work variables affecting three nurse generations in Australia.Journal of Advanced Nursing,68(1), pp.36-46. Shacklock, K., Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. and Farr?Wharton, R., 2014. The role of support antecedents in nurses' intentions to quit: the case of Australia.Journal of advanced nursing,70(4), pp.811-822.

Philippine Country free essay sample

A Reaction Paper on: Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study Nurse shortages in developed countries have accelerated international nurse recruitment and migration, sparking debate about the consequences for sending and receiving countries and for the meeting of global health needs. The exchange of nurses between developed countries has been commonplace for years; likewise, the Philippines, with its government-approved program of producing nurses for export, are not a new subject of debate (Linda H. Aiken).The nurse migration, their reasons why do they migrate was very well addressed already by the criticizer and how they affect the health care. In that sequence, I therefore believe that what would be the issue today is on the health care system and that’s what I would like to address on the discussion. Health care system as defined is a design to meet the health care needs of target populations. We will write a custom essay sample on Philippine Country or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With emerging numbers of nursing and doctors migrating around the country the â€Å"brain drain† can be seen in a wide variety across different health institution declining the quality of care being provided.Now, the first thing I would like to address is that, is there a need to mandate the health care policy as what is being debated right now and how will it contribute or affect the health system particularly to the nurses and the patients. I believe that there is a need to change the health system currently being implemented in our country but unfortunately the Philippine government is callous and insensitive to the plight of the Filipino people including health workers professionals.Instead of resolving the health and economic problems of the Filipino people and the concerns of health workers that causes the Filipino nurses to migrate, the government is implementing policies detrimental to people’s welfare. The government is implementing budget cuts for social ser vices, wage freeze, streamlining of bureaucracy, freeze hiring and contractualization in accordance with cost-cutting measures dictated by international lending bodies particularly the International Monetary Fund-World Bank in exchange for fresh loans.These same policies that subject health workers to unjust working conditions, starvation wages and non-payment of benefits, curtailment of rights and denial of job security that push them to go abroad. The government is earning much from remittances and exactions from Filipino migrant workers. The Philippines ranks 4th worldwide in terms of remittances earned with US $17B remittances in 2007 . The huge amount of remittances poured into the country by overseas and migrant workers constitute the bulk of dollar reserves, used not for social services, but as guarantee for foreign loans, payment for foreign debt and to cover for trade deficit.For as long as the Philippines remain as semi-colonial semi-feudal society, our country will be a steady source of cheap labour to exploit. The Arroyo government is more concerned in staying in power and raking up money from the blood and sweat of the Filipino people, both here and abroad. It prioritizes debt servicing and military expenditures in the national budget. The neo-liberal policies exacerbate the economic crisis and poverty among the Filipino people. If not for the remittances of the OFWs, the Philippine economy had collapsed long ago. The second issue that I would address based on the article is whether the RA 8042 or the Overseas Filipino Act takes into action, which is primarily to protect and promote the welfare of our overseas workers. International migration also poses potential negative consequences for the individual migrating nurse. Due to the lack of regulatory oversight of agencies and practices of global nurse migration contracting, nurses who have migrated are at increased risk for employment under false pretences and may be misled as to the conditions of work, possible remuneration and benefits (Huston, 2006).Thus, they are placed at risk for unethical, if not illegal employment practices in their host country. This is a study coming from the Philippine Journal of Nursing that says that, although overseas employment for Filipino nurses offers opportunities for better incomes, professional growth, cultural advancement and other expectations, our nurses are not always without tribulations arising from l iving or working overseas. Many of them experience discrimination, violations of contract on salary, substantial living accommodations and unfortunately sexual harassment.The third is whether the government shift its policy in â€Å"managing† the flow of overseas workers due in reaction to the â€Å"promotion† of labor migration. My opinion would be that the government doesn’t have the right to control the choice of nurses to work in other countries. Although it is the right of the government to protect its population from health concerns due to the migration of more skilled and experienced nurses. However the constitution would not scope the protection of its population to the right of choice and interest of its workers to work abroad.To further strengthen my stand I would like to include the statement of the famous Adam Smith, that â€Å"It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. I would rather say that the government should focus to develop the nursing education by applying strict regulations of nursing schools to ensure quality nursing education and thus quality care as well will be provided, also to increase the budget on health sector to employ adequate nurses.And last would be is on the propos al being considered by the Department of health HRH Masterplan for 2005-2030 I believe that it would have a great contribution on the nursing service here in our country especially its agenda on research since all of us know the great contribution of nursing research. Also their task to review the trends of nurses migration for people to know the when to engage in nursing profession and avoid oversupply of nurses that contributes to the underemployment and unemployment rate. Most importantly, is on the utilization and distribution of nurses to ensure the need of county in term of health personnel. Lastly is on the development of nursing service as nurses would come back in our country they will be able to share their experiences and learning to our nurses. However I further believe that health care development of nursing service in our country would come to our government by increasing the fund in the health sector. Simply because what is the purpose of nurse experienced abroad if the facilities cannot be afford by the health institution.